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An automobile (through French from the English auto, self and Latin mobilisation moving, a car powered itself rather than move to another vehicle or animal), the car (usually only to shorten car) is a wheeled passenger vehicle which has its own engine. Most definitions of the term specifying that the cars are designed to operate primarily in the streets, to have seats for one to eight people and usually have four wheels, and constructed mainly for the transport of people rather than goods. [1] However, the term is too far from exact because there are many types of vehicles that do similar tasks. A car powered by gasoline engines Otto built in Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885 and a patent granted in January of next year, under the auspices of a large company, Benz & Cie, which was established in 1883. Though many other German engineers (including the Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus), dealing with the problem about the same time, Karl Benz is generally recognized as the inventor of the modern automobile. [5] The 1879 Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, designed in 1878. Many of the other inventions use of the internal combustion engine feasible for the operation of a vehicle and 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal combustion engine level. About 25 Benz vehicles manufactured and sold it was before 1893, when the first four-wheeler was introduced. They were powered by four engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the automotive Benz with the line of products. Why France was more open to the early cars, more built and sold in France than through Roger Benz sold in Germany. Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (Daimler Motor Company, DMG) Cannstatt and in 1890 and under the brand name, Daimler sold his first automobile in 1892. 1895 of about 30 vehicles, which had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works at the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after falling out with their supporters. Daimler Benz and seems to be ignorant of the other's early work and worked independently. Karl Benz proposed cooperation between DMG Benz & Cie and economic conditions when it started to deteriorate in Germany after the First World War, but the managements of DMG initially refused to consider. Negotiations between the two companies resumed several years later and in 1924 they signed an agreement of Mutual Interest valid until the year 2000. Both operations standard design, production, purchasing, sales, advertising and marketing of cars-models together-although maintaining their respective brands. On June 28, 1926, Benz & Cie and DMG eventually merged with the company Daimler-Benz, baptizing the vehicles Mercedes Benz honoring the most important model of DMG cars, the Maybach design will later be referred to as the 1902 Mercedes-35hp, together with the name Benz. Karl Benz remained as a board member of the Daimler-Benz, until his death in 1929. Ford complex security procedures-especially by assigning each employee a specific location, rather than allow them to roam about-dramatically reduced the damage. The combination of high salaries and high-performance, called "Fordism", and was copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line and coincided with the takeoff of the United States. The assembly line workers are forced to work in a certain pattern, with very repetitive movements that led to greater output per worker, while the other countries that use less productive. In the automotive industry, its success was prevalent, and quickly spread throughout the world. Ford Ford France and the UK in 1911, the Ford Denmark 1923, or 1925; Ford Germany in 1921, the Citroen was the first European native plant operator to adopt it. Soon, the companies had to have assembly lines, the threat would be spoiled; since 1930, 250 companies that had not disappeared. [12] From the decade of 1920, almost all cars that have produced large scale in order to meet market needs, marketing plans often heavily influenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan, who founded the idea of different makes of cars produced by a company that buyers could "move up" as their fortunes improved. Reflecting the rapid pace of change makes it shares parts with a bigger volume of production have resulted in a reduction in cost for each price range. For example, in the decade of 1930 1950 1990, Corporate drivetrains and shared platforms (alternating with brakes, suspension, and elsewhere) were common. Even so, only could offer significant cost-makers, even decades, with production companies as Apperson, Cole, Dorris, Haynes, the Premier, we could manage approximately two hundred existence of the automotive industry and in 1920, only 43 survived and 1930, and as the Great Depression, 1940, only 17 of whom were released [13]. Most cars that are in use today, propelled by gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel internal combustion engines, which are known to cause pollution of air, and they are also responsible for contributing to climate change and global warming. [17] The increase in the cost of petroleum-based fuels and tougher environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions is a project promoted on alternative energy systems for cars. Efforts to improve or replace these technologies include hybrid vehicles, electric cars and hydrogen vehicles. Cars with diesel engines have long been popular in Europe and the first models were introduced in 1930 by Mercedes Benz and Citroen. The main benefit of Diesels account for 50% of fuel efficiency compared with 27% [18] and the best gasoline engines. Another aspect of diesel is the presence of minute particles of exhaust soot and manufacturers are now starting to fit filters to eliminate those. Many diesel motor vehicles can also be run with or without modifications, on the 100% biodiesel. Gasoline has the advantage over diesel and are lighter and can work at higher speeds and is the usual choice for the placement in the high performance sports cars. Continuous development of gasoline engines for over one hundred years has produced improvements in efficiency and pollution reduction. The carburetor used for almost all road car engines until 1980, but has been long realised better control of the fuel / air mixture could be achieved with the fuel injection. Direct injection fuel for the first time in aircraft engines since 1909, and engines for racing cars since 1930, and road vehicles by the end of the 1950's [18]. Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI), now starting to appear in production vehicles, such as the 2007 BMW MINI. Smoke also cleaned by placing a catalytic converter in the exhaust system. Clean air legislation in many of the most important industries automotive markets has been both catalysts and fuel almost universal fittings. Most modern gasoline engines are also capable of running on up to 15% ethanol mixed in gasoline - older vehicles may have seals and hoses likely to be affected by ethanol. With a small amount of redesign, vehicles powered by gasoline can run on high concentrations such as ethanol and 85%. 100% ethanol used in some parts of the world (including Brazil), but the vehicles must be started with pure gasoline and ethanol to change once the engine is running. Most cars with gasoline engines can also run on LPG, with the addition of an LPG tank for storage of fuel carburetion and modifications to add an LPG mixer. LPG produces fewer toxic emissions and is a popular fuel for fork lift trucks that have to operate within buildings. Ethanol, but alcohol fuels (biobutanol) and biogasoline have widespread use an automotive fuel. More alcohols have less power than petrol per litre and is usually blended with gasoline. Alcohols used for a variety of reasons - to increase octane, with a view to improving the emissions and as an alternative for fuel based on oil, as they can be made from crops. Brazil ethanol program provides about 20% of nations automotive fuel needs, including several million cars that run pure ethanol. Steam power, which usually uses the oil or gas boiler heated, were also in use until 1930, but had the major disadvantage of being unable to take over, until his car boiler pressure was available. It has the advantage of being able to produce very low emissions from the combustion process can be as carefully scrutinized. The disadvantages of low quality heat and widespread demands for electrical helpers. [21] In the decade of 1950 there was a brief interest in using gas turbine (jet) engines and many leaders including Rover and Chrysler produced originals. In spite of the plants is very compact, high fuel consumption, severe delay in responding butterfly, and the lack of engine braking meant no cars reached. Rotary Wankel engine introduced in road vehicles from the NSU Ro 80, and later were seen in the Citroën GS Birotor and several Mazda models. And despite the impressive smoothness, the poor reliability and fuel economy that led to largely disappear. Mazda, starting with the R100 then RX-2, continued the investigation into these machines, surpassing most of the problems with the earlier RX-7 and RX-8. A rocket motor and holds the record for the dragster. However, faster than the cars he used to set the Land Speed Record, and facilitated by the jets emitted by rocket propellant, turbojet, is the largest and most recently successfully turbofan engines. The car uses two ThrustSSC Rolls-Royce Spey turbofans with reheat was able to exceed the speed of sound at ground level. Cars have many basic security problems - for example, have human drivers can make mistakes, which can lose wheels when braking traction, turning the acceleration forces are too high, and the mechanical systems are subject to failure. These conflicts can have serious or fatal consequences. Some vehicles have a high center of gravity and therefore a greater propensity to roll over. Significant reductions in death and injury have resulted from the addition of security zones and laws in many countries to require vehicle occupants to wear them. Aerosakoi and specialized child restraint systems have improved on it. Structural changes, such as protection in lateral bars, and doors and side panels of the car mitigate the effects of impacts to the sides of vehicles. Many cars now include radar or sonar detectors mounted to the rear of the car to warn the driver if he or she is about to reverse into an obstacle or a pedestrian. Some vehicle manufacturers producing vehicles with devices also measure the proximity of obstacles and other vehicles in front of the car and use them to apply the brakes when the confrontation is inevitable. Efforts were also made for limited use heads up display and thermal imaging technologies similar to those used in military aircraft to provide the driver with the best view of the road at night. Despite technological advances, there remains a significant loss of life on the roads: About 40000 people die each year in the United States, with similar elements in European nations. This number is increasing every year in step with the growth in population and increased travel, unless measures are taken, but the rate per capita and per miles traveled has steadily declined. Although the death toll is expected to nearly double worldwide by 2020. A much larger number of accidents resulted in injury or permanent disability. Statistics on accidents is highest reported in China and India. The European Union has a rigid scheme to reduce the number of deaths by half by 2010, and the member states have started implementing the measures. Similarly, the cost to society of cars, including the use, which may include those of: maintaining roads, pollution and public health, health care, and for disposal of vehicles at the end of life they can be offset against the value of the benefits to society that produces Carpooling. Social benefits may include: economic benefits, such as creating wealth and jobs, production and maintenance of cars, transportation provision, emanating from the society's prosperity and leisure travel opportunities, and the revenue from tax generation opportunities . The possibility for people to move more quickly from place to place, has serious implications for the nature of our society. The people can now live far from their workplaces, the design of cities can be determined both by the need to get vehicles entering and leaving the city as the nature of buildings and public spaces in the city. [29]